نشریه پژوهش های نهج البلاغه
سال نوزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 65، تابستان 1399)

In any era, the political conditions and requirements challenge researchers to respond to their time's issues and problems. By presenting a picture of the political thought of Imam Ali (AS) and his performance regarding people, this study seeks to understand the Alawite Sirah in today's political realm. Politics is a pernicious arena that traps society's managers and agents in the snare of moral predicaments, if not accompanied by self-preservation and morality. The present study aims to open a new window for the community leaders to recognize the moral predicaments in the social and political arena and eliminate these predicaments based on Imam Ali's words in Nahj al-Balaghah. Therefore, the authors used a descriptive-analytical method with a library approach. In this study, only three variables that affect the society, i.e., oppression and injustice, violence, lying, and deception, have been examined and analyzed based on Nahj al-Balaghah. These variables are the main reasons for unfavorable social and economic conditions that reduce the social capital, increase the distrust of the people to the religious government, and threaten the legitimacy of the political system.

Comprehensive quality management is one of the new ideas on service delivery quality in the private sector. It has been considered a role model in the public sector and aims to improve services' quality and attract the owners' satisfaction. However, given the difference, such as service delivery in the public and private sectors, the private sector's principles are not effective in the public sector. According to the theorists, the relevant rules and regulations should be proportional to the public sector. Considering the lack of a comprehensive source for extraction of these principles, one of the essential resources for extraction that is proportional to the Islamic system is Nahjal al-Balaghah. Although the theory mentioned above does not exist in Nahjal al-Balaghah, many principles are available to improve public service delivery quality. These principles are grouped into three sections: macro principles, qualitative principles of staff employment, and qualitative principles of employee performance. In this article, the authors have used descriptive and library approaches. In addition to explaining the comprehensive quality management, they have extracted proportional rules and regulations from Nahjal al-Balaghah and compared them with the country's general employment law to find the rules for improving its services quality.

One of the values and social concepts that has been pointed out by many commentators and critics throughout history is the concept of justice and fairness. According to previous studies, with the expansion of justice in societies, many individual and collective problems have been eliminated, and man gets closer to his utopia. In many texts, this issue, both from an individual and collective perspective, has been considered, and its various angles and dimensions have been mentioned and studied, including divine justice, economic justice, social justice, justice. Among these works are Nahjal al-Balaghah and Shahnameh Ferdowsi. According to the findings of this analytical and descriptive article in Nahj al-Balaghah and Shahnameh Ferdowsi, much attention has been paid to the essence of power, which provides the possibility of usury and unjust governing, which is one of the essential principles of justice. The definitions given in both works indicate that Nahj al-Balaghah and Shahnameh's primary approach to the sociology of justice and its conceptual framework is the same. This research aims to study and analyze justice and its dimensions according to the evidence and examples.

Knowledge is an evident and indefinable concept. According to Amir al-mu'minin, knowledge is possible and desirable, and it is the ultimate limit of all virtues, and man needs it in all his works. Exploration of the words of Amir al-mu'minin in sources such as Nahj al-Balaghah and Gharar al-Hakam leads the researcher to substitute and coexist terms of science and knowledge. In Amir al-mu'minin's viewpoint, knowledge is possible, and with different epistemological tools, one can achieve its various degrees. Thus, the possibility of knowledge is constant and beyond material matters. It is achievable through multiple means such as sense, intellect, and intuition. With a library method and analytical approach, the present article explores some of the essential epistemological issues through the words of Amir al-mu'minin. Therefore, after defining knowledge, the possibility of knowledge and its types have been studied, then authors talked about the sources of knowledge and their epistemological value.

Desirable political behavior is one of the characteristics of governance that can significantly impact the strength of government. Regarding political behavior, there are two positive (legitimate) and negative (illegitimate) views. On the positive side, political behavior is desirable and uplifting for society, and on the negative side, it is misleading and false. In the Alawite tradition, political behavior means cultivating politics for the perfection and happiness of society. Accordingly, the research answers the following question: What are the components of desirable political behavior in the Alawite tradition? The research hypothesis is based on Adler's theory, which consists of four characteristics: interaction, self-creativity, lifestyle, and foresight.In the first index, Imam Ali's (AS) behavioral interaction is discussed in four areas of interaction with the caliphs, with Islamic religions and other religions, supporting poor people, and Imam's interaction with the people. In the second behavioral index, Imam's behavior and self-creativity are defined and interpreted in the three areas of jihad and invitation, alliance with opponents, and self-creativity in dealing with opponents. In the third behavioral index, lifestyle is defined and interpreted in the four areas of central justice, disregard to the affiliation, simplicity of life, the fulfillment of assigned tasks and duties. In the fourth index, futurism is reproduced, defined, and interpreted in three areas of correct understanding and analysis of historical conditions, presenting the plan of establishing a new system plus practical and effective measures in managing society and prioritizing issues in Alawite's desirable political behavior.

Understanding the ruler's ethical behavior before taking power and extending it to his leadership period can explain the ruler's ethical policies and honesty in subsequent actions. Imam Ali (AS) emphasizes morality's precedence and indicates that the Islamic teachings during his caliphate are the same as his pre-government period. Although the Kharijites war had unfortunate consequences, Imam, with appropriate moral principles, tried to prevent war. After the war, Imam's ethical behavior with his enemies indicated that ethical humanity has a preference over the immoral believer. The present article explains a new theory in the field of leadership theories. This research has been done with a descriptive and analytical approach, mostly according to Sunni sources. Based on the findings, the declarations of this ethicism and the negative and positive function of this behavior can create an ethical society. Dialogue based on specific ethical propositions, accepting reformist demands according to the existing requirements, using appropriate strategies to prevent further convulsions in society, preserving human dignity, and protecting the rights of dissidents and the pseudo- dissidents, not based on kinship and history of presence in various political arenas, can repel the conflict that has arisen in society with the moral behavior of the ruler.

This study's primary purpose is to investigate the barriers and cultural strategies of social discipline based on the educational teachings of Imam Ali (AS) in Nahj al-Balaghah. The authors used library method in this research and conducted it through analytical and inferential methods. Research findings indicate the importance of social discipline from two perspectives; importance in today's world and importance from religion's perspective. On the other hand, the characteristics (divinity, revelation, innateness legitimacy) have been deduced using the educational teachings of Imam Ali (AS). In this study, categories such as haste in affairs, laziness and sluggishness in affairs, abandonment of enjoining what is good and forbidding what is evil, flattery, thoughtless speech, lack of cultural development, blind imitation, and prejudice are considered as cultural obstacles for social discipline. Subsequently, solutions such as; religious trust, having a real purpose in life, thinking, farsightedness, making peace among people, accountability, fighting against passion and the exaltation of the soul, and avoiding deadlock in life have been identified and inferred based on the educational teachings of Imam Ali (AS). The research results show that; if identified strategies assist in removing the enumerated obstacles, social discipline will be realized in society and bring about cultural growth and development.

The present article has been conducted to analyze the model of maximum flexibility and minimum intensity in Imam Ali (AS) leadership; Islamic teachings, especially Alawite propositions, using the ijtihad method. Research findings show that leadership in the Alawite approach differs from the non-Islamic leadership based on their principles. By studying the Alawite teachings, two categories of propositions have been observed. One of these categories emphasizes the component of gentleness and absolute friendliness, and the other emphasizes the mixing of gentleness with the component of action. After summarizing, the results indicated that this model has two components of flexibility and intensity of action. Of course, the components of this model in the contingency continuum will have intensity and weakness.